气相色谱-串联质谱法测定柑橘中5种杀螨剂残留

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)检测柑橘中5种杀螨剂残留分析方法。样品经乙腈提取、氯化钠盐析后,取有机相用Qu EChERS方法净化,利用GC-MS/MS在多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行测定,外标法定量。5种杀螨剂在0.005~0.5mg/L浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数r^2均>0.996,方法定量限为0.005 mg/kg。在0.005、0.01和0.1mg/kg 3种添加水平下,加标回收率为70.6%~111.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.07%~14.64%。本方法简便、重现性良好,可用于柑橘类水果样品中杀螨剂的日常检测。     

Maize defence mechanisms against the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Maize is arguably the most widely grown crop in the world, but it is often associated with one of its major insect pests, the European corn borer (ECB). The damage caused by this species to maize production is generally variable, but in many cases it is economically significant. This review paper provides an overview of the research findings on the natural plant defence mechanisms against ECB larvae published till now. What is resistance and how it is achieved, what is the chemical response of maize plants to insect feeding and how tolerance can be increased. A short introduction in breeding for resistance and a discussion if the mentioned traits can be used in conventional breeding in order to create maize hybrids less affected by ECB are given.     

8个樱花品种播种育苗技术研究

本文介绍了8个樱花品种的种子从储藏、催芽、播种到苗期管理的试验全过程,总结出一种简便易操作的樱花播种育苗技术,可供生产设施比较简陋的地方借鉴和参考。     

有机质浸染砂水泥土的力学特性及本构关系

为研究海南省海湾地区分布的有机质浸染砂水泥土的力学特性,该文首先对有机质浸染砂水泥土和标准砂水泥土进行无侧限抗压强度对比试验(采用配合比均为熟石灰掺入比7.5%、水泥掺入比20%、水灰比0.45),定量分析养护龄期对其无侧限抗压强度及试样破坏形式的影响。然后对有机质浸染砂水泥土进行单轴抗压试验,获得了水泥土材料的应力-应变全过程曲线、刚度变化规律以及改进邓肯-张本构模型。结果表明:1)有机质浸染砂水泥土试样的破坏类型为塑性剪切破坏和脆性剪切破坏;2)有机质浸染砂水泥土抗压强度随着养护龄期的增加基本呈指数形式增长,但在养护龄期14 d后,增长速度逐渐降低并趋于稳定;3)随着养护龄期增长,水泥土刚度增加。在加载初期,水泥土切线模量随着轴向应变增加而增大,呈现刚度硬化现象;4)基于单轴抗压试验得到应力-应变全过程曲线,可分为2个阶段:塑性阶段、软化阶段;5)通过对应力-应变全曲线的描述,得到了修正的邓肯-张模型,确定模型参数后,与实测数据对比发现,该修正模型可以模拟有机质浸染砂水泥土的应力-应变关系。     

Modern eolian and fluvial processes and their interactions in an ephemeral desert stream in Inner Mongolia,China

Purpose

Floods and eolian activities are the dominant external agents to shape the topographic forms in ephemeral desert streams of drylands. So far, few studies have discussed the modern processes of eolian–fluvial interactions. To bridge this gap, we studied the modern interactions of eolian and fluvial process in a desert ephemeral river, the Maobula Gully in Inner Mongolia, which exhibits typical eolian–fluvial interactions.

Materials and methods

Multisource data such as integrated particle size data, hydrological data from the Tugerige Hydrological Station, high-spatial-resolution satellite images, and an eolian sediment saltation emission model were integrated to analyze the effects of eolian and fluvial delivery to the sediment on the riverbed, the eolian sediment feeding rate to the gully, the transport of sediment in flood events, and the interactions between eolian and fluvial processes.

Results and discussion

The desert reach of the Maobula Gully is a replacement reach between coarse sediment from the upper reaches and eolian sediment from the Kubuqi Desert. The annual eolian sediment feeding into the gully exhibited a significant decreasing trend. The eolian sediment into the gully increases the available sediment and the bed roughness, affecting the transport of sediment during floods. The sediment concentration and yields in flood events are mainly decided by the discharge and water yield, respectively. Through a comparison of the channel forms between 1970 and 2013, a recovery mechanism in the Maobula Gully was identified, which involves the equilibrium state between abrupt flood erosion and continuous dune migration.

Conclusions

This study analyzed the modern processes of eolian and fluvial processes and their interactions in a typical ephemeral desert stream named the Maobula Gully, and some interesting results were found. We believe that the methodology and results could provide references and evidence for understanding the mechanisms of fluvial and eolian interactions in other ephemeral desert streams around the world.

     

困难立地条件下的赣北地区高速公路边坡植物调查及研究

本研究的目的在于调查困难立地条件下的赣北地区10条高速公路边坡植物群落,筛选出边坡乔木层,灌木层、草本层的优势种植物,总结江西省几十年的高速公路边坡植被恢复模式实践经验,将植被恢复情况较好的边坡整理归纳出生态恢复模式,对植被恢复较差的边坡提出针对性和可操作性的优化对策,为后期高速公路边坡植被恢复及养护工作提供参考,以实现江西省高速公路生态效益、社会效益、观赏效益的最大化.     

拖拉机变速箱箱体快速设计方法与软件开发

针对目前拖拉机变速箱箱体产品开发周期长、设计与制造成本高的问题，该研究提出了一种基于知识的拖拉机变速箱箱体快速设计方法。首先，研究并建立箱体设计知识库、推理机制及参数化模型；然后，运用Visual Studio 2015的MFC编写快速设计系统的人机交互界面，联合SQL Server2012、Creo4.0完成快速设计系统与知识库、模型库的连接，建立拖拉机动力换挡变速箱箱体快速设计系统，并进行实例验证；最后，运用ANSYS workbench18.1对系统输出模型进行有限元仿真分析，箱体最大等效应力为206.19 MPa，最大变形为0.450 mm，最大间隙变化量为0.007 8 mm，最大错移量为0.026 mm，一阶固有频率为369.48 Hz，与ZF公司相同传动方案产品相比，箱体质量减少了28.8 kg。结果表明：该系统能高效、快速地完成拖拉机变速箱箱体开发，系统设计的拖拉机变速箱箱体具有良好的强度、刚度、密封性与动态特性，产品质量更轻，这对于缩短产品开发周期、降低设计与制造成本具有重要意义。     

基于无人机与激光测距技术的农田地形测绘

平整地技术是提高作物单产的重要措施，而获取高精度的农田地形测绘数据与农田数字地形模型，是进行精准平整地作业的必要条件。为了解决传统接触式地形测绘效率低、基于航拍摄影技术的遥感地形测绘精度差及作业成本高等问题，该研究提出了一种基于多旋翼无人机与激光测距技术的农田地形测绘方法。在多旋翼无人机测绘平台上搭载激光测距模块与后处理动态差分全球定位系统设备（Post-Processing Kinematic Global Positioning System，PPK-GPS），获取激光测距序列、PPK-GPS三维定位数据以及无人机的飞行姿态数据。首先使用均值滤波器处理原始激光测距序列，并将得到的激光测距序列与PPK-GPS定位数据进行同步处理，使二者建立空间对应关系。根据无人机倾斜状态时的测距激光方向与理论竖直方向的空间几何关系，使用从无人机的飞行控制器中提取的姿态信息校正激光测距序列，消除无人机平台在飞行过程中俯仰与横滚姿态变化对激光测距精度的影响。最后，根据PPK-GPS定位数据的海拔高度分量与激光测距序列计算试验地块内地面测量点的海拔高度，共获取1 417组地面测量点的有效测绘数据。利用手持PPK-GPS设备对地面测量点的海拔高度进行测绘精度检验。验证试验结果表明，本文提出的无人机农田地形测绘系统获取的海拔高度与手持PPK-GPS设备采集的海拔高度的均方根误差为5.2 cm，表明该无人机农田地形测绘系统具有较高的测绘精度。与利用手持GPS设备进行地形测绘作业的方法相比较，本文提出的无人机农田地形测绘系统具有自动化程度高、作业效率高等优点。该研究可为促进精准平整地技术的大规模应用提供数据支持。     

基于氧同位素的玉米农田蒸散发估算和区分

农田蒸散发(evapotranspiration,ET)的估算和区分是土壤-植物-大气连续体中的重要研究内容,是农业水资源高效利用的重要基础。该研究分析了土壤水、蒸发水汽、蒸腾水汽和大气背景混合水汽氧同位素组成分布特征,并采用2种同位素的方法对玉米农田蒸散发进行估算和区分:1)结合Keeling plot和Craig-Gordon模型的同位素方法(Iso-CG);2)基于土壤水同位素守恒和水量平衡的方法(Iso-WB)。结果表明,在玉米生育期内Iso-WB方法与Iso-CG方法所计算的玉米蒸腾比例分别为0.64~0.91和0.52~0.91,平均值分别为0.80和0.78。玉米蒸散发总量在前期、中期和后期均值分别为3.95、5.30和4.98 mm/d。通过比较参数并与前人研究结果对比分析,表明采用Iso-CG方法估算区分ET相对精确,采用Iso-WB方法计算蒸散发要求的测量精度相对较高,计算误差较大。该研究成果不仅为玉米农田制定灌溉制度及提高用水效率提供了理论依据,而且对深入探索氧同位素水文学领域具有重要意义。